Linux & System Administration

Illustration showing chmod changing Unix file permissions: owner, group, others with read/write/execute bits, numeric modes (e.g. 755) and symbolic modes (u+rwx,g+rx,o+rx). via CLI

Screenshot of a Linux terminal showing commands and output for checking running processes: ps aux, top, htop, systemctl, and grep usage to filter processes, CPU/mem usage per proc.

Photoreal close-up of a modern workspace centered on a sleek laptop with glowing abstract network nodes on screen, holographic unreadable IP-like bars above keyboard, hands blurred

Understanding your Linux system's file structure isn'

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Terminal displaying methods to list all Linux users: viewing /etc/passwd, using getent, awk or cut, compgen -u, and sample output rows showing system and regular user accounts sys.

su opens a root shell by switching user account (requires root password). sudo runs a single command as root using your password, with per-command privileges and audit logging. See

Illustration showing a terminal window with command prompt, typing 'sudo reboot' and a progress spinner, symbolizing restarting a Linux system safely from the command line. now OK..

Terminal showing command 'uname -r' and kernel version output; steps: open terminal, run uname -r or cat /proc/version to display Linux kernel release and build information. (info)

Linux /etc directory: central system configuration files and directories, housing network, service, user and application settings; read by init, daemons, and administrative tools..