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Screenshot of a Linux terminal showing commands and outputs for checking system uptime: uptime, who -b, cat /proc/uptime, systemctl status, systemd-analyze, and top's uptime line..

What Is a Shell Script? In the modern computing landscape, automation has

Illustration of a terminal window showing the 'ls' command output, highlighting options and file details, with annotations and icons that guide users to use ls effectively. quickhelp

Illustration showing chmod changing Unix file permissions: owner, group, others with read/write/execute bits, numeric modes (e.g. 755) and symbolic modes (u+rwx,g+rx,o+rx). via CLI

Screenshot of a Linux terminal showing commands and output for checking running processes: ps aux, top, htop, systemctl, and grep usage to filter processes, CPU/mem usage per proc.

Photoreal close-up of a modern workspace centered on a sleek laptop with glowing abstract network nodes on screen, holographic unreadable IP-like bars above keyboard, hands blurred

Understanding your Linux system's file structure isn't just

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Terminal displaying methods to list all Linux users: viewing /etc/passwd, using getent, awk or cut, compgen -u, and sample output rows showing system and regular user accounts sys.

su opens a root shell by switching user account (requires root password). sudo runs a single command as root using your password, with per-command privileges and audit logging. See

Illustration showing a terminal window with command prompt, typing 'sudo reboot' and a progress spinner, symbolizing restarting a Linux system safely from the command line. now OK..

Terminal showing command 'uname -r' and kernel version output; steps: open terminal, run uname -r or cat /proc/version to display Linux kernel release and build information. (info)